1 Chronicles 5
The full text of 1 Chronicles 5 in the Trinity Bible Version — clear modern English, translated from the original Hebrew. Free to read.
1 The sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel — he was the firstborn, but because he defiled his father's bed, his birthright was given to the sons of Joseph son of Israel, so he is not enrolled in the genealogy according to the birthright.
2 Though Judah became strongest among his brothers, and a ruler came from him, the birthright belonged to Joseph.
3 The sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel: Hanoch, Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi.
4 The sons of Joel: Shemaiah his son, Gog his son, Shimei his son,
5 Micah his son, Reaiah his son, Baal his son,
6 Beerah his son, whom Tilgath-Pilneser king of Assyria carried into exile. He was a leader of the Reubenites.
7 His relatives by their clans, when the genealogy of their generations was recorded: the chief, Jeiel, then Zechariah,
8 and Bela son of Azaz son of Shema son of Joel, who lived in Aroer, as far as Nebo and Baal-Meon.
9 He settled eastward as far as the edge of the wilderness that extends to the Euphrates River, because their livestock had multiplied in the land of Gilead.
10 In the days of Saul they waged war against the Hagrites, who fell by their hand. They lived in their tents throughout the entire region east of Gilead.
11 The sons of Gad lived opposite them in the land of Bashan as far as Salecah:
12 Joel the chief, Shapham the second, then Janai and Shaphat in Bashan.
13 Their relatives according to their ancestral houses: Michael, Meshullam, Sheba, Jorai, Jacan, Zia, and Eber — seven.
14 These were the sons of Abihail son of Huri son of Jaroah son of Gilead son of Michael son of Jeshishai son of Jahdo son of Buz.
15 Ahi son of Abdiel son of Guni was head of their ancestral house.
16 They lived in Gilead, in Bashan and its towns, and in all the pasturelands of Sharon to their borders.
17 All of these were enrolled by genealogies in the days of Jotham king of Judah and in the days of Jeroboam king of Israel.
18 The Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh had valiant men who carried shield and sword, who drew the bow, and who were trained for war — 44,760 ready for service.
19 They waged war against the Hagrites, Jetur, Naphish, and Nodab.
20 They were helped against them, and the Hagrites and all who were with them were given into their hand, for they cried out to God in the battle, and he answered them because they trusted in him.
21 They captured their livestock: 50,000 camels, 250,000 sheep, 2,000 donkeys, and 100,000 people.
22 Many fell slain, because the war was from God. They lived in their territory until the exile.
23 The members of the half-tribe of Manasseh lived in the land from Bashan to Baal-Hermon, Senir, and Mount Hermon. They were numerous.
24 These were the heads of their ancestral houses: Epher, Ishi, Eliel, Azriel, Jeremiah, Hodaviah, and Jahdiel — mighty warriors, famous men, heads of their ancestral houses.
25 But they acted unfaithfully against the God of their fathers and prostituted themselves to the gods of the peoples of the land, whom God had destroyed before them.
26 So the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria — the spirit of Tilgath-Pilneser king of Assyria — and he carried them away, namely the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, and brought them to Halah, Habor, Hara, and the river Gozan, where they remain to this day.
Translation notes (8)
- 1 Chronicles 5:1a The Chronicler alludes to Genesis 35:22, where Reuben lay with Bilhah, and to Jacob's judgment in Genesis 49:3-4. The bekorah, 'birthright', passing to Joseph's sons explains the double portion held by Ephraim and Manasseh, each counted as a full tribe. This parenthesis clarifies why the genealogies do not list Reuben first despite his status as firstborn.
- 1 Chronicles 5:2a The Hebrew nagid, 'ruler', is the Chronicler's characteristic title for the divinely designated king, applied elsewhere to David (1 Chronicles 11:2). The verse thus distinguishes two inheritances: the double portion of the birthright passed to Joseph, while royal leadership, anticipated in Jacob's blessing of Judah in Genesis 49:8-10, issued in the Davidic line.
- 1 Chronicles 5:6a Tilgath-Pilneser is the Chronicler's spelling of Tiglath-Pileser III, who reigned over Assyria from 745 to 727 BC; the books of Kings use the form Tiglath-Pileser. His campaigns of about 734 to 732 BC deported the Transjordanian tribes, including Reuben, as also recorded in 2 Kings 15:29, part of Assyria's standard policy of relocating conquered populations.
- 1 Chronicles 5:8a Aroer, Nebo, and Baal-Meon were cities located in Transjordan, east of the Jordan River. Their mention here helps delineate the territory of the Gadites, who settled in this region.
- 1 Chronicles 5:9a This verse describes the eastward expansion of the Gadites, highlighting the importance of grazing lands for their numerous livestock.
- 1 Chronicles 5:17a This verse provides a historical synchronism, dating the genealogical enrollment to the reigns of Jotham in Judah and Jeroboam II in Israel.
- 1 Chronicles 5:25a The Hebrew verb zanah (זָנָה), 'to prostitute oneself', is used metaphorically here for idolatry and covenant unfaithfulness. This term highlights a recurring theme in Chronicles regarding Israel's relationship with God.
- 1 Chronicles 5:26a Pul and Tilgath-Pilneser are one king, not two: Pulu was the Babylonian throne name of Tiglath-pileser III (reigned 745–727 BC), as attested in the Babylonian King List. The Hebrew conjunction here is best taken as explanatory, identifying the second name with the first. Chronicles consistently spells the Assyrian king's name Tilgath-Pilneser, a variant of the form found in Kings.
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